Kinwamakwad Lake
  • Long Lake
  • West Long Lake
  • East Long Lake
Kinwamakwad Lake (Long Lake) in the early morning. The sun is rising but not yet visible and a thin layer of steam fog lays over the water surface.
Kinwamakwad Lake (Long Lake) in the early morning.
Kinwamakwad Lake is located in Michigan
Kinwamakwad Lake
Kinwamakwad Lake
LocationMarenisco Township, Michigan,
United States
Coordinates46°14′9.16″N 89°29′56.07″W / 46.2358778°N 89.4989083°W / 46.2358778; -89.4989083[1]
Typemesotropic
Catchment area16.4 ha (41 acres)[2]
Surface area8.1 ha (20 acres)[2]
Average depth3.8 m (12 ft)[2]
Max. depth14 m (46 ft)[2]
Water volume318,084 m3 (11,233,000 cu ft)[2]
Residence time2 years
Shore length1800 m (2,600 ft)
Surface elevation514 m (1,686 ft)
FrozenIce covered typically from November to April[3]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Kinwamakwad Lake, also known as Long Lake, is a seepage at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center in Gogebic County, Michigan. The lake has been studied since the mid-1900s and used as an experimental lake for ecological studies.

Description

Kinwamakwad Lake is an hourglass-shaped lake with two deep basins to the East and West and a shallower portion in the middle of the lake. The name "Kinwamakwad" possibly comes from the Ojibwe word ginwaakwad, meaning "it is long, is tall".[4][5]

Ecological studies

Kinwamakwad Lake has been studied for several decades and is a part of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network.[6] The lake has been used in several whole-lake experiments examining the effects of nutrients and food web structure on lake productivity[7][8] as well as the effects of dissolved organic carbon on lake productivity.[2][9][10]

Records

A pair of the unofficial world's largest secchi disks reside in Kinwamakwad Lake, with both disks measuring 2.44 meters in diameter.[11]

Aerial photo of Kinwamakwad Lake (Long Lake) showing the center shallow portion of the lake. A white curtain divides the lake into two basins where the right side is darker due to an increase in dissolved organic carbon by about 50%. The water color difference is shown using two secchi disks which are submerged 0.5 meters below the surface on each side of the curtain. The secchi disk to the left of the curtain is lighter while the disk to the right is darker due to elevated dissolved organic carbon.
Aerial photo of Kinwamakwad Lake (Long Lake) in 2015 during a whole-lake manipulation in which dissolved organic carbon was increased by ~50% in the treatment basin (right of the white curtain in center of the photo). The difference in water color between the two basins can be seen with a pair of unofficial world's largest secchi disks.

References

  1. ↑ "Kinwamakwad Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. April 14, 1980. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zwart, Jacob A.; Craig, Nicola; Kelly, Patrick T.; Sebestyen, Stephen D.; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Metabolic and physiochemical responses to a whole-lake experimental increase in dissolved organic carbon in a north-temperate lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 61 (2): 723–734. Bibcode:2016LimOc..61..723Z. doi:10.1002/lno.10248. ISSN 1939-5590.
  3. ↑ Hararuk, Oleksandra; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E.; Prairie, Yves; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Model-Data Fusion to Test Hypothesized Drivers of Lake Carbon Cycling Reveals Importance of Physical Controls". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 123 (3): 1130–1142. Bibcode:2018JGRG..123.1130H. doi:10.1002/2017JG004084. ISSN 2169-8961.
  4. ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.
  5. ↑ "The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  6. ↑ "West Long Lake (Kinwamakwad Lake) | GLEON". gleon.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  7. ↑ Christensen, David L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Knight, Susan E.; LeBouton, Joseph P.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Voichick, Nicholas; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (1996). "Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 41 (3): 553–559. Bibcode:1996LimOc..41..553C. doi:10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0553. ISSN 1939-5590.
  8. ↑ Carpenter, Stephen R.; Christensen, David L.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; He, Xi.; Hodgson, James R.; Kitchell, James F.; Knight, Susan E.; Pace, Michael L. (1995-03-01). "Biological Control of Eutrophication in Lakes". Environmental Science & Technology. 29 (3): 784–786. Bibcode:1995EnST...29..784C. doi:10.1021/es00003a028. ISSN 0013-936X.
  9. ↑ Kelly, Patrick T.; Craig, Nicola; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Experimental whole-lake increase of dissolved organic carbon concentration produces unexpected increase in crustacean zooplankton density". Global Change Biology. 22 (8): 2766–2775. Bibcode:2016GCBio..22.2766K. doi:10.1111/gcb.13260. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 26919470.
  10. ↑ Koizumi, Shuntaro; Craig, Nicola; Zwart, Jacob A.; Kelly, Patrick T.; Ziegler, Jacob P.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E.; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (11): 1859–1867. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0283.
  11. ↑ Jones, Stuart E. (2017). "The University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC): Sixty-Five Years of Whole-Ecosystem Manipulations and Counting". Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin. 26 (2): 38–40. doi:10.1002/lob.10178. ISSN 1539-6088.
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