This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role.

Background

The Cudgel War was the 16th century peasant uprising in Finland, which was at that time part of the Kingdom of Sweden.[1] Poltettu Kylä (Burned Village), by Albert Edelfelt, 1879

The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:[2]

Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies such as Maoism.[3]

The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies.[4]

Chronological list

The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

  Peasant victory
  Peasant defeat
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict
Date Conflict State Peasants Result Image Ref.
209–206 BC Anti-Qin revolts (including Dazexiang Uprising) Qin dynasty Peasants under several rebel leaders, including Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Xiang Yu, and Liu Bang Qin dissolution [5]
205–186 BC Great revolt of the Egyptians Ptolemaic Kingdom Native Egyptian peasants and soldiers under secessionist Pharaohs Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis Suppression of the rebellion [6]
17–25 Lülin Xin dynasty Lülin rebels Collapse of Xin dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Liu Xiu after infighting among Lülin forces
17–27 Red Eyebrows Xin dynasty Red Eyebrows rebels Goal of the rebellion partially achieved, but eventual defeat of the movement by Liu Xiu
172–173 Bucolic War Roman Empire Egyptian peasants under Isidorus Suppression of the rebellion [7]
184–205 Yellow Turban Rebellion Han dynasty Yellow Turban rebels Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened [8]
185–205 Heishan bandit movement Han dynasty Bandit confederacy of the Taihang Mountains
Gongsun Zan's forces		 Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened
3rd–5th century Bagaudae Roman Empire Bagaudae
Suebi		 Gain control of some territory; end with the general collapse of the Roman Empire
4th–late 5th century Circumcellions Roman Empire (until 435)
Catholic Church (until 435)
Vandal Kingdom (since 435)
African landlords		 Berber and Roman peasants
Donatist authorities
Rebellious Roman military under Gildo (in 398)		 End of Roman Catholic rule in Africa, but suppression of the rebellion by Vandals and Arian authorities [9]
611–619 Anti-Sui rebellions Sui dynasty Peasants under several rebel leaders
Defected military forces under several rebel generals, officials and nobles		 Collapse of Sui dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Li Yuan after infighting among rebel forces
841–843 Stellinga Uprising Saxon nobility
Frankish military under Louis the German		 Stellinga Suppression of the rebellion
859–860 Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu Tang dynasty Chinese peasants and bandits under Ch'iu Fu Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened [10]
874–878 Rebellion of Wang Xianzhi Tang dynasty Chinese peasants and bandits under Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened [11]
875–884 Rebellion of Huang Chao Tang dynasty Chinese peasants and bandits under Huang Chao Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened [12]
928–932 Basil the Copper Hand Rebellions Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand Suppression of the rebellion [13]
993–995 Da Shu rebellion in Sichuan Song dynasty Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun Suppression of the rebellion [14]
996 Peasants' revolt in Normandy Normandy under Rodulf of Ivry and Richard II, Duke of Normandy Norman peasants Suppression of the rebellion [15]
1277–1280 Uprising of Ivaylo Bulgarian nobility
Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire
Golden Horde		 Peasants under Ivaylo Murder of Ivaylo [16]
1323–1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders Kingdom of France Flemish peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1343–1345 St. George's Night Uprising Livonian Order
Denmark Kingdom of Denmark		 Estonian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [17]
1351–1368 Red Turban Rebellion Yuan dynasty
Goryeo		 Red Turban Armies of White Lotus members, Manichaeans and Chinese peasants Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the Northern Yuan dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang after infighting among rebel forces
1358 Jacquerie Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1381 Peasants' Revolt Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion, though Plantagenet dynasty is weakened
1382 Harelle Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of the rebellion [18]
1428 Shocho uprising Ashikaga shogunate Japanese peasants Peasant debts cancelled.
1437 Transylvanian peasant revolt Kingdom of Hungary Transylvanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1438 Hallvard Graatops Revolt  Kalmar Union Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1441 Kakitsu uprising Ashikaga shogunate Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and jizamurai Peasant debts cancelled, Ashikaga shogunate is severely weakened. [19]
1441 Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions  Kalmar Union Danish peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1450 Jack Cade's rebellion Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion, though Lancaster dynasty is weakened and eventually overthrown during the Wars of the Roses. [20]
1450–1451 John and William Merfold's Uprising Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion [21]
1453–1454 Morea revolt of 1453–54 Byzantine Empire Despotate of the Morea
Ottoman Empire		 Greek peasants under Manuel Kantakouzenos
Albanians under Peter Bua
Latin loyalists under John Asen Zaccaria		 Suppression of the rebellion [22]
1462–1472, 1485–1486 War of the Remences Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472)
Crown of Aragon (1485–1486)		 Catalan peasants
Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472)		 Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed [23]
1467–1469 Galician Irmandiños Revolt Kingdom of Galicia (Crown of Castile) Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility Suppression of the rebellion by feudal armies [24]
May 1476 Niklashausen Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire German peasants led by Hans Böhm, who had a vision of the Virgin Mary, against the nobility and clergy of the Holy Roman Empire. Böhm executed and pilgrimages to Niklashausen ceased [25]
1478 Carinthian Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire Carinthian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [26]
1482–1511 Yamashiro ikki uprisings Ashikaga shogunate
Various samurai clans		 Yamashiro ikki and later, lesser ikki
Various samurai clans		 Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though they achieved many of their aims and continued to retain autonomy until the gradual end of the movement [27]
1487–1488 Kaga Rebellion Togashi clan Ikkō-ikki
Motoori clan
Yamagawa clan		 Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. [28]
1488–1582 Ikkō-ikki Uprisings Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan)
Nichiren sect
Tendai sōhei
Jōdo-shū sōhei		 Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leagues
Jōdo Shinshū sōhei
Mōri clan
Azai clan
Asakura clan		 Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi [29]
1493–1517 Bundschuh movement Holy Roman Empire German Peasants All rebellions suppressed
1498–1878 Opryshky movement Kingdom of Poland
Holy Roman Empire		 Ukrainian peasants Suppression of the movement
1511 Friulian Revolt Republic of Venice Friulian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1514 Poor Conrad Rebellion Duchy of Württemberg Württemberg peasants Suppression of the rebellion [30]
1514 György Dózsa Rebellion Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [31]
1515 Slovene Peasant Revolt of 1515 Holy Roman Empire Slovene peasants Suppression of the rebellion [32]
1515–1523 Frisian peasant rebellion Habsburg Netherlands Arumer Zwarte Hoop
Charles II, Duke of Guelders		 Suppression of the rebellion
1516–1521 Trần Cảo Rebellion Lê dynasty Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened [33]
1519–1659 Celali rebellions Ottoman Caliphate Turkmen peasants Suppression of the rebellion [34]
1524–1525 German Peasants' War Swabian League German peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1524–1533 Dalecarlian Rebellions  Sweden Dalarna peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1525 Palatine Peasants' War Electoral Palatinate Palatine peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1534 Skipper Clement's Rebellion Denmark Christian III
Denmark Kingdom of Denmark		 Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement
Denmark Christian II		 Suppression of the rebellion
1540 Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1542–1543 Dacke War  Sweden Småland peasants Suppression of the rebellion [35]
1549 Kett's Rebellion Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1573 Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Croatia

 Slovene peasants
Croatian peasants		 Suppression of the rebellion [36]
1594–1637 Croquant rebellions Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of all rebellions
1596–1597 Cudgel War Sweden Sweden Finnish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [37]
1606–1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1626–1636 Peasants' War in Upper Austria Electorate of Bavaria Austrian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [38]
1630–1645 Rebellion of Li Zicheng Ming dynasty (1630–1644)
Qing Dynasty (1644–1645)		 Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty
1630–1647 Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong Ming dynasty (1630–1644)
Qing Dynasty (1644–1647)		 Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty [39]
1635 Second Slovene peasants' revolt Holy Roman Empire Peasants under a scattered leadership of various leaders Suppression of the rebellion
1637–1638 Shimabara Rebellion Tokugawa shogunate
Netherlands Dutch Empire		 Christian peasants and rōnin Suppression of the rebellion [40]
1651 Kostka-Napierski Uprising Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [41]
1652 Guo Huaiyi Rebellion Dutch East India Company
Aboriginal Taiwanese		 Chinese peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1653 Swiss peasant war of 1653 Republic of the Swiss Swiss peasants Suppression of the rebellion [42]
1667–1671 Stepan Razin Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants
Don Cossacks		 Suppression of the rebellion [43]
1669–1670 Peasant Rebellion in Podhale Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [44]
1704 Kuridža's Rebellion  Republic of Venice Orthodox peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1705–1706 Bavarian People's Uprising  Habsburg Monarchy Bavarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1707–1708 Bulavin Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants
Don Cossacks		 Suppression of the rebellion
1713 Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin Holy Roman Empire Peasants under a scattered leadership of various leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič Suppression of the rebellion
1730–1769 Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms Trịnh lords
Nguyễn lords		 Vietnamese peasants
Lê dynasty		 Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt
1743 Dalecarlian rebellion Sweden Sweden Swedish peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1765 Strilekrigen Denmark Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1768–1769 Koliivshchyna Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russia Russian Empire		 Haidamaka movement Suppression of the rebellion
1769–1788 Tây Sơn Revolt Nguyễn lords (until 1776)
Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776)
Trịnh lords (until 1786)
Siam (in 1785)
Lê dynasty (1786–1788)
Qing Dynasty (1787–1788)		 Tây Sơn dynasty Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty
1773–1775 Pugachev's Rebellion  Russian Empire Russian peasants
Ural Cossacks
Bashkirs		 Suppression of the rebellion [45]
1780–1783 Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II  Spain Quechua and Aymara peasants Suppression of the rebellion [46]
1784 Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan  Austrian Empire Romanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [47]
1786–1787 Lofthusreisingen Denmark Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1786–1787 Shays' Rebellion  United States American farmers Suppression of the rebellion, constitutional reform
1790 Saxon Peasants' Revolt Saxony Saxon peasants Suppression of the rebellion [48]
1791–1794 Whisky Rebellion  United States American farmers Suppression of the rebellion, whiskey tax is repealed shortly after
1793–1796 War in the Vendée France French Republic Catholic and Royal Army
Kingdom of France Chouan rebels
Kingdom of France Émigrés
 Great Britain		 Suppression of the rebellion
1793–1804 Chouannerie France French Republic Kingdom of France Chouan rebels
Catholic and Royal Army
Kingdom of France Émigrés
 Great Britain		 Suppression of the rebellion
1794 Kościuszko Uprising  Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia
Polish loyalists		 Polish nationalist nobility
Polish peasants
Polish Jacobins		 Suppression of the rebellion [49]
1794–1804 White Lotus Rebellion Qing Dynasty White Lotus rebels Suppression of the rebellion
1798 Peasants' War France French Republic Low countries peasants Suppression of the rebellion [50]
1800–1802 Lærdal Rebellion Denmark Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [51]
1807–1820 Jean-Baptiste Perrier's rebellion Republic of Haiti Haitian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1809 Tyrolean Rebellion France French Empire
 Bavaria
Saxony
 Napoleonic Italy		 Tyrolean peasants
 Austria		 Suppression of the rebellion
1809 Gottscheer Rebellion France First French Empire Austrian Empire Gottschee German peasants
Slovene peasants		 Suppression of the rebellion
1811 Klågerup riots  Sweden Swedish peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1826–1854 Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia  Russian Empire Russian peasants About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia. [52]
1832–1835 Cabanada Empire of Brazil Restorationist peasants Rebellion subdued after the premature death of former Emperor Pedro I
1834–1835 Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) Egypt Eyalet Arab peasants Suppression of the rebellion [53]
1835–1840 Cabanagem Empire of Brazil Indigenous, mestizo and black peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1838–1841 Balaiada Empire of Brazil Peasants and African slaves Suppression of the rebellion
1839–1845 Anti-Rent War  United States
 New York (state)		 Upstate tenant farmers initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted.
1844 Piquet uprising Republic of Haiti Piquets (Haitian peasants) under Acaau Piquet movement leaders integrated into government, but goals not achieved [54]
1846 Acaau's second rebellion Republic of Haiti Haitian peasants under Acaau Suppression of the rebellion [55]
1846 Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846  Austrian Empire Galician peasants De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was both sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. [56]
1847-1915 Caste War of Yucatán Mexico
 Guatemala
 British Honduras		 Maya peasants of the Yucatán Peninsula Temporary establishment of Chan Santa Cruz state; eventually suppression of the rebellion [57]
1850–1864 Taiping Rebellion Qing Dynasty Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Suppression of the rebellion
1851–1868 Nian Rebellion Qing Dynasty Nian militias Suppression of the rebellion
1858 Mahtra War  Russian Empire Estonian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [58]
1861 Bezdna unrest  Russian Empire Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [59]
1862 Great Peasant Uprising of 1862 Joseon Joseon Dynasty Korean peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1884 Chichibu Incident  Japan Japanese peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1888 Peasant Revolt in Banten  Dutch East Indies Bantenese peasants and ulamas Suppression of the rebellion [60]
1892 Jerez uprising  Spain Regional fieldworkers Suppression of the rebellion [61]
1894–1895 Donghak Peasant Revolution  Japan
Joseon Joseon Dynasty		 Korean peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1896–1897 War of Canudos First Brazilian Republic Canudos inhabitants Suppression of the rebellion
1905–1908 Maji Maji Rebellion German East Africa Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans Suppression of the rebellion [62]
1907 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt Kingdom of Romania Romanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1910 Kileler uprising Kingdom of Greece Farmers of Thessaly Initial suppression of the rebellion, followed by the arrested declared innocent and some minor measures in favor of the peasants being taken the next year; Actual requests of the peasants began being fulfilled in 1923. [63]
1911 Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan Qing dynasty Yellow Way Society Suppression of the rebellion [64][65]
1912-1916 Contestado War First Brazilian Republic Farmers and lumberjacks Suppression of the rebellion
1913 Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped [66]
1914 Peasant Revolt in Albania Principality of Albania
Catholic Militia		 Muslim peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1916 Urkun  Russian Empire Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants Suppression of the rebellion [67]
1916–1934 Basmachi movement  Russian Empire
 Russian Republic
 Soviet Russia
 Soviet Union		 Central-Asian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1917 October Revolution  Russian Republic Russian peasants and workers Beginning of the Russian Civil War
1917–1921 Makhnovshchina Russian Empire South Russia
 Soviet Russia		 Ukrainian peasants and workers Suppression of the rebellion
1918 Livny Uprising  Soviet Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1918 Arsk Uprising  Soviet Russia Tatar peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1918 Sheksna uprising  Soviet Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1919 Chapan rebellion  Soviet Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1919–1922 Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) Republic of China Yellow Way Society Suppression of the rebellion [68]
1920 Pitchfork uprising  Soviet Russia "Black Eagle" peasant rebels Suppression of the rebellion
1920 Croatian Peasant Rebellion  Yugoslavia Croatian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1920–1922 Tambov Rebellion  Soviet Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1920–1926 Spirit Soldier rebellions of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei Republic of China Spirit Soldier rebels, allied warlord forces Stalemate: Large Spirit Soldier armies are destroyed, but movement persists [69][70][71]
1921 Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino  Soviet Russia Russian peasants and White Army veterans Suppression of the rebellion
1921 Malabar rebellion  India Indian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [72]
1924 Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) Republic of China Wang's followers Suppression of the rebellion [68]
1925 Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) Republic of China Heavenly Gate Society Suppression of the rebellion [73]
1927 Autumn Harvest Uprising Republic of China Hunan Soviet Suppression of the rebellion
1928–1929 Red Spears' uprising in Shandong Republic of China Red Spear Society Suppression of the rebellion [74]
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre  El Salvador Salvadoran peasants Suppression of the rebellion
1932 Lesko uprising  Poland Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [75]
1932 Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County Republic of China
Kuomintang members and allied gentry		 Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan Suppression of the rebellion [76]
1932 Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin Goal of the rebellion achieved [77]
1936 Miyun District rebellion East Hebei Autonomous Council
Empire of Japan		 Yellow Sand Society Suppression of the rebellion [78][79]
1944 Peasant revolt in Beichuan County Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan Goal of the rebellion achieved [80]
1944 Peasant uprising in Indramayu Empire of Japan Indramayu Peasants Suppression of the rebellion [81]
1946–1951 Tebhaga movement Bengal landlords Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha)
Communist Party of India		 Goal of the rebellion partially achieved [82]
1946–1951 Telangana Rebellion Razakars
Hyderabad landlords
Hyderabad State		 Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha)
Communist Party of India		 Goal of the rebellion achieved [83]
1947–1954 Hukbalahap Rebellion  Philippines Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap) Suppression of the rebellion [84]
1949 Nankar Rebellion Pakistan
Various Bengali Zamindars		 Communist Party and Peasants Association Goal of the rebellion achieved [85]
1950 Cazin rebellion  Yugoslavia Yugoslavian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [86]
1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising Kenya Colony Kikuyu farmhanders Suppression of the rebellion
1958 Rebellion at Fuzhou, Jiangxi  China Dacheng sects Suppression of the rebellion [87]
1958 Rebellion at Yongjing  China Rural rebels Suppression of the rebellion [88]
1959–1965 Escambray Rebellion  Cuba Cuban peasants
Batista loyalists
DRE
 United States		 Suppression of the rebellion
1959 Peasant rebellion at Sizhuang, Henan  China "Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" Suppression of the rebellion [88]
1960 Rebellion at Yongnian County  China New Star Society Suppression of the rebellion [89]
1968–1969 Agbekoya  Nigeria Yoruba peasants Goal of the rebellion achieved
1969 Rebellion at Changchun  China Nine Palaces Way Suppression of the rebellion [90]
1969 Rebellion at Shuangyang County  China Mount Wutai sect Suppression of the rebellion [90]
1970s 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand  Thailand Thai peasants Peasant leaders assassinated
1975–1991 Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War Ethiopia Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence [91]
1994 Zapatista uprising  Mexico Mexican indigenous peasants Ceasefire

See also

References

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  60. ↑ Kartodirdjo, Sartono (1966). The Peasants' revolt of Banten in 1888. Koninklijk Instituut.
  61. ↑ Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Jerez Uprising". Print Culture and the Formation of the Anarchist Movement in Spain, 1890–1915. Routledge. ISBN 978-1000712155.
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