Community Notes
Other namesBirdwatch
Original author(s)Twitter, Inc.
Developer(s)X Corp.
Initial releaseJanuary 25, 2021
Repositoryhttps://github.com/twitter/communitynotes
Written inPython
PlatformX
Type
LicenseApache-2.0 license
Websitehttps://communitynotes.x.com/guide

Community Notes, formerly Birdwatch, is a feature on X (formerly Twitter) where contributors can "add context" in order to provide fact-checks, under a post, image or video.[1][2][3][4] The program launched in 2021[5] with Community Notes becoming widespread on X in 2023.[6] As of November, it has expanded to over 50 countries,[6] approximately 133,000 contributors.[7] Notes are seen by up to 5% of the readers of the content they are attached to,[8] amounting to tens of millions of views per day.[9] It has been described as a community-driven content moderation program,[10] in order to provide helpful and informative context,[2] based on a crowd-sourced fact-checking system.[11] It has been considered as an attempt to debunk propaganda and misinformation[12] and as a replacement for Trust and Safety staff,[13] although former head of the department, Yoel Roth, states this was never the intention.[9]

Initially shown to U.S. users only, notes were popularized in March 2022 over misinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine followed by COVID-19 misinformation in October,[14][15] Birdwatch was then rebranded and expanded in November 2022.[16] Community Notes are published by an algorithm not based on "majority rule", but instead agreement from users who have previously disagreed. Notes are rated based on their helpfulness and applied to potentially misleading content.[17][18][19] Posts receiving notes on X are no longer eligible for ad revenue[20][21] and users are no longer able to report misleading content.[22]

Elon Musk, the owner of X, considers the program as a "game changer for combating wrong information"[2][17] and having "incredible potential for improving information accuracy".[9] He has also claimed the system has been manipulated by state actors.[23][24] Critics have highlighted how it has spread disinformation and is vulnerable to manipulation.[18][25] The program has also been inconsistent in its application of notes and combating of misinformation, especially from the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.[lower-alpha 1] X states that the program is having a "significant impact on tackling disinformation on the platform".[9]

History

The original logo of Birdwatch

In August 2020, development of Birdwatch was announced, initially described as a moderation tool.[12] Twitter first launched the Birdwatch program in January 2021, intended as a way to debunk misinformation, with a pilot program of 1,000 contributors,[5] weeks after the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[9] The aim was to "build Birdwatch in the open, and have it shaped by the Twitter community." In November 2021, Twitter updated the Birdwatch moderation tool to limit the visibility of contributors' identities by creating aliases for their accounts, in an attempt to limit bias towards the author of notes.[5][26]

Twitter then expanded access to notes made by the Birdwatch contributors in March 2022, giving a randomized set of US users the ability to view notes attached to tweets and rate them.[27] On average, contributors were noting 43 times a day in 2022 prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, according to analysis from The Washington Post. This then increased to 156 on the day of the invasion, but was considered to be a very small portion of the misleading posts on the platform. By March 1, only 359 of 10,000 contributors had proposed notes in 2022, while a Twitter spokeswoman described plans to scale up the program, with the focus on "ensuring that Birdwatch is something people find helpful and can help inform understanding".[28][29]

By September 2022, the program had expanded to 15,000 users.[30] In October 2022 The Verge found that the most commonly published notes were related to COVID-19 misinformation based on historical usage.[15] In November 2022, at the request of new owner Elon Musk, Birdwatch was rebranded to Community Notes, taking an open-source approach to deal with misinformation,[16] and expanded to Europe and countries outside of the US.[31][6][17]

Community Notes was then extended to include notes on misleading images in May 2023[19] and in September 2023 further extended to videos, but only for a group of power-users referred to as "Top Writers".[4] Twitter subsequently ended the ability to report misleading posts, instead relying exclusively on Community Notes,[22] with contributors proposing over 21,200 notes on the platform.[32] In October 2023 the program was updated for notes to appear faster on the platform, described as a "massive speed improvement" by X, as well as scaled to send notifications to users who had interacted with the posts.[33] Elon Musk further announced that posts "corrected" by Community Notes would no longer be eligible for ad revenue in order to "maximize the incentive for accuracy over sensationalism" and in order to discourage the spread of misinformation and disinformation on the platform. The move was criticised by some users and applauded by others.[20][21][11]

Operation

Algorithms used by Community Notes, November 17, 2023[34]

A Community Note is automatically published once enough contributors "who have disagreed in the past" have agreed on whether to publish it.[17] The program prioritises notes that receives ratings from a "diverse range of perspectives",[7] rather than be based on majority rule,[18] by an open-source algorithm described as "insanely complicated".[7][35] For a note to be published, a contributor must first propose a note under a tweet.[17] The program assigns different values to contributor's ratings, categorising users with similar rating histories as a form of "opinion classification", determined by a vague alignment with the left and right-wing political spectrum. The machine-learning algorithm requires ratings from both sides of the spectrum in order to publish notes, that can have the intended effect of decreasing interaction with such content.[35][36]

Contributors are volunteers with access to an interface from which they have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may be misleading.[17][5][37] Notes in need of ratings by contributors are located under a “Needs your help” section of the interface. Other contributors then give their opinion on the usefulness and sincerity of the note, identifying notes as "Helpful" or "Not Helpful".[17][10] The contributor gets points if their note is validated,[38][17] known as "Rating Impact", that reflects how helpful a contributors' ratings have been. A contributor unlocks the ability to write notes once they have a "Rating Impact" of at least 5.[10][39][40] Any registered X user with an account older than 6 months can apply to become a contributor, provided they supply a mobile number, the user agrees to abide by the Community Notes guidelines,[7][41] and the user hasn't broken any X rules recently.[32] Users on the platform can additionally vote on whether they find the note helpful or not.[2]

Elon Musk receives a Community Note, November 12, 2022

Since 2023, Community Notes are often attached to shared articles missing context, misleading advertisements or political tweets with false arguments,[6] from content receiving widespread attention.[42] Community Notes have appeared on posts by government accounts and various politicians; the White House,[1][42][43] U.S. President Joe Biden,[44] UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak,[45] former U.S. speakers of the House,[46] U.S. representatives,[47] U.S. senators,[48][49] Australian ministers,[50] as well as X owner Elon Musk.[1][48][23][51] As of October,[52] a source is attached to the note so the information can be verified, in a similar manner to Wikipedia.[17][6] In December, after receiving a note on one of his posts, Musk thanked contributors for "jumping in the honey pot" after claiming the system had been "gamed by state actors", with the intent of detecting so-called bad actors.[23][24]

The feature does not directly mention fact-checking but instead indicates that "readers added context".[38] They can also note when an image is digitally altered or AI-generated,[6][53] in order to crack down on such content.[54] X allows contributors to add Community Notes to adverts, which the Financial Times noted was good for consumers but not for advertisers.[55][38] This resulted in brands such as Apple, Samsung, Uber and Evony receiving notes on their adverts and being accused of false of misleading posts, advertisers deleting certain posts that received notes, as well as modifying content for future advertisements.[32]

Criticisms and analysis

Former head of Twitter's Trust and Safety, Yoel Roth, has since expressed concern over the effectiveness of the system in the early stages of the program, claiming Birdwatch was never supposed to replace the curation team, but instead intended to complement it. Another former employee said it was "an imperfect replacement for Trust and Safety staff". In December 2021, a study by MIT researchers subsequently found users overwhelming prioritised political content, even though 80% were correctly considered misleading. A researcher at Sloan School of Management found contributors were more likely to fact-check posts with differing political views to their own, and it was unclear whether contributors had the required skills and knowledge.[9][56]

Le Monde concluded that Community Notes were useful, but were not a substitute for conventional moderation.[17] A Community Notes contributor and NAFO member claimed it is liable to coordinated manipulation, rife with infighting, and lacks oversight from the platform. Wired noted that in the backend of the database most notes remain unpublished, and that numerous contributors engage in "conspiracy-fueled" discussions.[9] Musk claims that anyone trying to "weaponize Community Notes to demonetize people will be immediately obvious", due to the open-source nature of the code and data.[11]

Regarding the situation in Israel and Gaza, with the difficulty of identifying accurate information and the number of unknown factors, MIT professor David Rand said "what I expect the crowd to produce is a lot of noise", regarding the crowd-sourced system. A contributor otherwise claims an issue with the system is that "it's not really scalable for the amount of media that's being consumed or posted in any given day".[9] On November 14, X claimed that notes have been seen over a hundred million times in the first month of the Israel-Hamas conflict, after reaching over 85 million in the first week.[8]

Studies and investigations

Community Notes has also experienced multi-day delays in publishing notes on misinformation in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war or failed to do so. One study by NBC News found that in the case of a fake White House press release claiming the destruction of the St. Porphyrius Orthodox Church - a week before the destruction - only 8% of posts had notes published, 26% had unpublished notes, while the majority had no proposed notes.[57] Analysis from NewsGuard of 250 of the most-engaged posts, spreading the most common unsubstantiated claims about the Israel-Hamas war and viewed more than 100 million times, failed to receive notes 68% of the time. The report found Community Notes were "inconsistently applied to top myths relating to the conflict."[58][59][60] The fact-checking website Snopes discovered three posts from verified users, who had shared a video of a hospitalized man from Gaza with false captions claiming it showed "crisis actors", had failed to receive any Community Notes after 24 hours.[61]

In October 2023, Bellingcat found the program spread false information, in reference to Taylor Swift's bodyguard due to misinformation.[18] The ADL documented the possibility of conflicting notes appearing, after Jackson Hinkle falsely claimed a graphic image of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel was AI-generated, and notes initially appeared in disagreement due to unreliable information from AI detector software.[62] Wired has documented that Community Notes is susceptible to disinformation, after a graphic Hamas video shared by Donald Trump Jr. was falsely flagged as being a year old, but was instead found to be part of the recent conflict.[25] The original note was later replaced with another citing the report from Wired.[9]

In November 2023, the Atlantic Council conducted an interactive study of Community Notes, with analysis from Bloomberg, highlighting how the system operated slowly and inconsistently regarding Israel and Gaza misinformation. In one example, an image originally received a Community Note but continued to spread regardless receiving over 3 million views after a week. Hundreds of viral posts from the notes public database were analyzed and according to researchers fast-moving breaking news wasn't labeled. Across 400 posts of misinformation, a note took on average 7 hours to appear, while others took 70 hours. The analysis however did show that over 50% of the posts received a note within 8 hours, with only a few taking longer than 2 days. The study included 100 tweets from 83 users who had signed up to X Premium in the past 4 months, along with 42 tweets from 25 accounts that were reinstated by Elon Musk, including Laura Loomer. The study also included Jackson Hinkle.[63][64][65]

A NewsGuard report found advertising appearing on 15 posts with a Community Note attached in the week of November 13, 2023, indicating that "misinformation super-spreaders" may still be eligible for ad revenue, despite posts with notes attached being inegible according to Musk.[66][67] On November 30, a Mashable investigation found most users never see published notes, with examples highlighting notes seen by less than 1% and 5% of users who viewed misinformation content. Overall, a large disparity was found between the number of views on posts and the notes that attach themselves, with only 3 of 50 notes from the study receiving half as many views as the post they were attached to. Posts with misinformation were often found to receive 5 to 10 times more views than the fact-checking note, proving the approved note wasn't removed but remained attached.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Inconsistencies and delays in publishing notes related to the 2023 Israel-Hamas war:

References

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